Dog Bite Law

Generally

In March 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration learned that certain pet foods were sickening and killing cats and dogs. The FDA found contaminants in vegetable proteins imported into the United States from China and used as ingredients in pet food. The investigation is ongoing, according to the FDA. (For current information from the FDA, see Pet Food Recall at the FDA website.) The questions include:

• What has contaminated the food?
• How did the contaminants get into the ingredients for the food?
• At what manufacturing plant or other location did the contaminants get into the ingredients?
• How did the contaminants escape detection at each stage in the process -- when the ingredient was created, where the ingredient was combined with other ingredients to make the pet food, and during the testing process itself.
• Why didn't the manufacturer investigate when animals died during the testing of this pet food?
• What can be done in the future to test for these contaminants?

The answers to these questions are very important. They may prevent a recurrence. In the big picture, moreover, the recall has brought into focus a number of inadequacies in animal law.

Valuing pets as an item of property

One of the issues raised by this incident is whether the owners of pets are entitled to collect compensation for all, or just some, of their losses. Clearly, the suffering of a pet is not experienced only by the animal, but also by its human companions. Furthermore, its owner might spend hundreds and even thousands of dollars for veterinary treatment. Putting aside humanitarian reasons, public policy demands that we keep our dogs healthy, because it has been shown that ill health and bad care are associated with dog attacks upon people (see Why Dogs Bite People).

So who should bear the losses and the bills when our dogs and cats are wrongfully injured or killed? Should it be the pet owners or the corporations that import the tainted ingredients and sell the harmful products?

Amazingly, the law puts almost the entire burden on the pet owners. Nearly all states apply the centuries-old rule that domestic animals such as dogs and cats are valued simply as property. When property is damaged or destroyed, the owner is generally entitled to collect only its fair market value or replacement cost. Under this logic, a pet owner can collect no more than what it would cost to get a used dog or cat! If the vet bill is thousands, the owner's reimbursement might be limited to twenty, fifty or a hundred dollars. That's not all: the violation of the owner's right to be free of emotional suffering, to go about his daily occupation without taking time off to deal with a sick animal, is considered to be a wrong without a remedy.

Many believe that the property measure of damages is unjust because it forces an innocent party to bear the losses caused by a wrongdoer. Remember that corporations have insurance policies that cover damages resulting from defective products. Since the cost of the pet food is a bit higher because of this insurance, and all or most of this cost is passed through to pet owners, it appears unfair to deprive them of an adequate remedy, which they certainly are paying for. Furthermore, the method used for pet injuries is at odds with American beliefs about allocating damages in other situations. Generally we have well-honed rules that carefully allocate losses based on comparative responsibility for wrongs. For no apparent reason, little of this fine-tuning is evident when the rights of pet owners are involved.

Fortunately, many courts have fashioned a new rule of damages for cases involving pet injuries. The hybrid rule says that defendants are liable for the full cost of veterinary care, limited only by common sense but not by the replacement cost of the animal. This does not extend, however, to the owner's emotional distress or other intangible losses and damages. Therefore, full damages are not awarded under this approach, which can be referred to as a "hybrid rule" because it is a combination of ancient and modern principles.

There are good reasons to award full damages for the wrongful injury to or death of a pet. For one thing, the lack of testing of, care of and attention to pet food might have been caused by a belief that there was little to lose if any dogs or cats suffered as a result of ingesting the contaminated food. After Ralph Nader's book entitled "Unsafe at Any Speed," the public understood that corporations which produce products for widespread consumption or use consider a few injuries or a even a few deaths to be insignificant, and not worthy of preventing, as long as they do not cost the corporation too much money. One of the reasons why the law allows punitive damages against corporations under some circumstances is to "raise the stakes" and thereby provide an incentive to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from improperly designed or poorly manufactured products.

Another reason to award full damages is the reality that the losses stemming from injury or death of the pet go far beyond the price tag on the animal. Our dogs and cats provide a host of emotional benefits that are lost when they are injured or killed. For that reason, some states have ruled that owners can collect compensation for emotional distress, loss of companionship, mental anguish, sentimental damages, and loss of quality-of-life if a pet is injured or killed as result of the wrongful conduct of a third party. The damages in such a case cover the same scope as when a person is injured or killed -- the difference of course would be the amount of damages awardable. When full damages can be collected, there is a greater benefit to pursuing a claim for compensation, which can lead to more diligence on the part of the manufacturers and sellers of these products. To learn how to put together the necessary evidence, see Attorney Kenneth Phillips' book, What To Do If Your Dog Is Injured Or Killed.

Many believe that in this area, the law is not going far enough to protect pet owners and, by implication, pets themselves. Several states have passed laws that provide greater damages for the loss of a dog or cat. For example, Tennessee allows compensation for intangible injuries buts limits the amount. The courts of a number of states, such as Florida, have declared that full compensation for emotional distress can be awarded to an injured pet's owner. In LaPorte v. Associated Independents, Inc., 163 So. 2d 267, 1 A.L.R.3d 992 (Fla. 1964), a dog was killed and the owner sued for mental distress. The Supreme Court of Florida rejected the fair market value approach, holding that the owner should receive compensation for the sentimental value of the dog:

"[T]he court feels that the affection of a master for his or her dog is a very real thing and that the malicious destruction of the pet provides an element of damage for which the owner should recover, irrespective of the value of the animal because of its special training, such as a Seeing Eye dog or a sheepdog."

Ownership of pets

Some believe that the law should not regard pets as property, but as companions with rights of their own. The organization called In Defense of Animals advocates, among other things, replacing the word "pet" with "animal companion" or "animal friend." San Francisco, CA, has a law that officially recognizes "pet guardians" as opposed to "pet owners." Similar laws are on the books in San Diego, CA, Berkeley, CA, and in the state of Rhode Island. The rationalle is essentially that if animals are regarded legally as property only, they cannot be treated inhumanely. As an example, consider any other item of property -- say, a table or a chair -- and ask whether your family has treated it "humanely."

While the question sounds absurd, the law has reached some absolutely absurd conclusions by thinking of animals as property. On March 7, 1997, three youths broke into the Noah's Ark Shelter in Fairfield, Iowa. They used baseball bats to kill 17 cats and maim others for life. Because these were "stray cats," their low monetary value triggered misdemeanor charges instead of felonies. This is but one reason why some believe that animals should not be considered as property.

There are both good reasons in bad reasons for treating our companion animals as property. As long as they are regarded as property, it is clear that only their owners can make decisions such as how to treat them, what to feed them, how to care for them, and whether they should be put down. On the other hand, if they are nothing more than property, then their owners cannot collect compensation for all losses and damages when their pets are injured or killed.

Rather than convert our dogs and cats into some new and uncharted legal category, perhaps a better approach would be to enact modern laws that address specific inequities, such as humane treatment of animals, and proper compensation for losses.

Class actions to redress widespread injuries to pets

The pet food recall prompted a number of individual lawsuits and class actions. These will be difficult to win, because each plaintiff will have to prove that the injury or death of his pet was caused by contamination, and that the contamination came from a product by this particular manufacturer. Each plaintiff is looking at having to pay the cost of an autopsy, or a comprehensive medical examination if the dog or cat survived.

Additionally, a veterinarian who is qualified to render an expert opinion will have to write a report (for a small claims court case) and even testify (if the case is filed in a trial court of greater jurisdiction) as to the cause of death. The veterinarian will have to prove that he is familiar with the particular substance that contaminated the pet food, the tests used to detect it in pets, and the research that proves the connection between that contamination and the particular signs and symptoms presented by the case. Even if this testimony is given only in written form, it will be time consuming and therefore expensive. Furthermore, it will have to be done not only in the individual lawsuits, but also in the class actions.

To make matters worse, each plaintiff will have to prove the extent of the intangible losses that he or she suffered. Because we are talking about hundreds and probably thousands of dollars of costs per claim, it is difficult to imagine that these lawsuits and class actions will get off the ground. This is especially true because there exists that overriding legal question about whether intangible losses are even recoverable. If the higher courts hold to the belief that dogs and cats are property, and that the legal measure of damages is simply their fair market value or replacement cost, then it would hardly be worth it to maintain these lawsuits.

Proof of emotional distress in pet injury cases

It is difficult to prove the degree of emotional distress, mental anguish, and other intangible losses when a person, dog or cat are injured or killed. Even when a parent is present during and witnesses injury to his child, it is difficult to collect monetary compensation for emotional distress unless there is solid proof of it.

Solid proof is expensive and time-consuming to obtain. It usually requires the expert testimony of a psychologist or psychiatrist who treated the parent, testimony from witnesses such as coworkers and neighbors who can say how much the affected person changed after the incident, and proof of the costs expended for counseling and medications.

In the cold atmosphere of the courtroom, it is difficult for such a claim to overcome the skepticism that it naturally inspires. Just as this happens in cases of injury to people, it certainly will be a problem in any claim based on injury or death of a pet.

If the courts were to hold that the loss of or injury to a pet causes a recognizable injury to the owner, the next question to be asked is how many people in a household would be entitled to make claims for compensation. One pet could be be the beloved companion of two family members, or five or ten family members. How many of them would be able to make claims? The law has answered this question in cases of emotional distress stemming from injury to or death of a person. Different states have different rules, and all of them are restrictive, but do provide for compensation under certain circumstances. This is another legal issue that has not been decided when it comes to pets, and can present an important question in the pet food contamination cases.

All things considered, this incident can have the beneficial effect of clarifying the rights of owners when their dogs, cats or other pets or injured or killed through the wrongful conduct of a third party. If the autopsies are performed, the testimony is secured, and the case makes its way to an appellate court, new law might be created. But then again, the cost of taking action might far outweigh any perceived benefits stemming from this incident. As time goes on, we will see how far these cases get.

How one state treats injuries to pets

States differ in how they treat injuries to pets. An in-depth look at the law of California provides insights about all states that regard dogs and cats as property.

The traditional rule - no damages for non-economic losses

The old, traditional rule of damages for injuries to dogs is stated in California Penal Code sec. 491, "Dogs are personal property, and their value is to be ascertained in the same manner as the value of other property.” This law was passed in the 1800s. The same principle has been applied to cats and other animals.

The traditional rule says essentially that the responsible party must merely pay either the veterinarian bills or the replacement cost of the animal. For example, in Dreyer v. Cyriacks 112 Cal.App. 279, 297 P. 35 (Cal.App. 1 Dist., Feb. 28, 1931), the owner of "Peter the Great," a dog who worked in the motion picture industry, sued an individual who fired a weapon in the direction of the dog owner's automobile following a quarrel. Not knowing that the dog was in the vehicle, the man killed the dog. The court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting a new trial on the ground that the verdict of $100,000 in compensatory damages and $25,000 in punitive damages was excessive. The court said that the value of human lives and the value of dogs were not to be measured by the same standard:

"With reference to the question of the amount of the verdict, plaintiffs have cited us to an array of cases from thirty states of the Union and from England and Canada. But not one of them relates to the destruction of an animal. They all concern the death of or injury to human beings, and it is absurd to argue that in fixing damages the value of human lives and the value of dogs are to be measured by the same standard. As declared in section 491 of the Penal Code, "Dogs are personal property, and their value is to be ascertained in the same manner as the value of other property," but certainly the value of a human life is not to be so determined. (112 Cal.App. 279, 284-285.) 

In a dog owner's action to recover from a motorist who struck the dog with his automobile and, allegedly to put it out of its misery, then shot the dog, which was a 15-month-old purebred Weimaraner registered female, the court, in Wells v. Brown, 97 Cal. App. 2d 361, 217 P.2d 995 (4th Dist. 1950), affirming a verdict for the dog owner, held that the $1,500 verdict was supported by the evidence. The court pointed to the testimony of a witness that, among other things, the dog "would be worth from three to five thousand dollars."

Example - economic losses awardage when dog is a producer of income

Income attributable to the dog is admissible on the question of the dog's value. For example, experts testified that a performing dog could earn more than $100,000, and the court awarded $5,000 in compensatory damages. Mitchell v. Union Pac. R. Co., 188 F. Supp. 869 (S.D. Cal. 1960). In that case, a dog named "Pudsy" was being transported by railroad, and died from exposure to excessive heat. The owner sued the railroad and testified that the value of the dog exceeded $100,000. He also presented expert witnesses who testified that the dog could earn in excess of $100,000. This figure was based on the owner's claims that the dog could give answers of problems in addition, subtraction, and division in any combination up to 20 by a number of barks. The owner further testified that (1) the only prompting given to the dog was his tone of voice, (2) the dog would bark the number of spots appearing on a playing card without signal except being shown the card, (3) the dog was six years old and had never been exhibited professionally but had been shown at a number of charitable shows in Ireland, and (4) the dog was known as the "wonder dog of Ireland." The owner was awarded $5,000 in economic damages, which the court said was not excessive under the circumstances.

Changes in California law since the 1980s - mental anguish damages possible

In a state like California, there is little appellate authority, and no statutory authority, for the proposition that a dog owner can recover compensation for mental anguish, emotional distress, loss of companionship, sentimental value of the pet, quality of life, or other intangible losses. The closest case supporting such recovery is Katsaris v. Cook 225 Cal.Rptr. 531 (Cal.App. 1 Dist., 1986). That decision held that dumping dead dogs into a ditch and pretending not to know what happened to them, after lawfully killing the dogs, can result in mental distress damages.

Another useful case for the dog owner is Gonzales v. Personal Storage, Inc. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 464. The Gonzales case is not a dog case but it can be used under some circumstances to recover damages for mental anguish. A self-storage facility converted approximately $60,000 of a tenant's personal property. The court ruled that the facility was liable for the severe emotional distress the tenant suffered when she learned about the conversion. The court's ruling was founded upon the law of conversion of personal property. "[W]e conclude that notwithstanding further developments in the law of negligence, damages for emotional distress growing out of a defendant's conversion of personal property are recoverable." (56 Cal.App.4th at p. 477.) Although this does not apply to pet food, it can support a pro-dog owner decision if the defendant unlawfully had control of a dog. In such a case, it could be argued that menal anguish damages are recoverable.

Punitive damages

California Civil Code section 3340 provides that, "[f]or wrongful injuries to animals being subjects of property, committed willfully or by gross negligence, in disregard of humanity, exemplary damages may be given." This is not support for mental distress, but rather a form of punishment for the defendant's inhumane treatment of the animal. There also are criminal laws to prevent animal cruelty, but they are not discussed here because the focus here is civil remedies.

The law is changing

It appears clear that the law of damages is changing when it comes to pets injured in California. There have been a number of reports of settlements where substantial damages were awarded. Attorney Kenneth Phillips had a case in which a Los Angeles woman, afflicted with muscular dystrophy, suffered terribly when her companion dog was killed before her eyes. The claim was settled for an appropriate, five-figure amount of money, which was paid under a homeowner insurance policy.

While California is lagging behind many other states in how pets are valued, therefore, it is hoped that the legislature will pass new laws which will treat pet owners fairly and justly.

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